You can, but only briefly. HN gives you a short “oops window” to delete comments. Officially it’s for typos. Unofficially it’s a dignity rollback mechanism for people who realized mid-thread that they don’t actually understand what they’re talking about.
Eh, even when I understand what I'm talking about, sometimes I submit a comment and then instantly realize "you know what, I actually don't want to debate this with a random stranger on the Internet".
Downvotes on a comment have already affected your total karma score. Deleting the comment doesn't undo the karma loss. However, you have a chance to avoid further karma loss if you decide to delete the comment shortly after it starts getting negative reactions. (I have done this when I realized that my comment was getting downvoted for snark.)
You can nuke your account by doing something completely egregious like challenging someone here to a duel (it's happened! - account and all post history deleted - we don't see the -deleted-- placeholder as much as we used to)