McDonalds operates in the U.S. both in corporate-owned and franchise models. Internationally I am not so sure if there are franchise models, but I know that corporate owns many of the high profile restaurants internationally.

But even in franchises McDonalds keeps a tight leash on many aspects of the business (menus, processes, ingredients, and many labor standards), and so in many ways corporate McDonalds is responsible (practically, even if they argue not legally) for the operations at even the franchises.

Interestingly, in the U.S., McDonalds owns most of the land under the franchise restaurants, and actually earns more if its profits on rent than on franchise fees or selling ingredients: https://www.wallstreetsurvivor.com/mcdonalds-beyond-the-burg...