Cables might change but the protocol is actually pretty simple. VW manages to support Carplay, Android and mirror link.

What I can see changing over the years is the phones being able to stream data from the cars sensors, making things like Automatic a thing of the past. It would be really nice if my car could report gas mileage to my phone and the phone be able to do whatever with it.

That's actually already part of Android Auto protocol (among with plethora of other sensors). The software doesn't use that data yet.

The cable is a cable. Doesn't really matter what the port is, as long as the two can communicate. I'm gonna take a wild guess and say that USB two (which is what I'm guessing that uses) is not gonna be lost anytime soon through lack of backwards compatibility.